In a seventh-grade classroom environment, how do you plan class lessons to meet the needs of all students using the Six Steps of the Universal...

Here are some ways you might design 7th grade history lessons, for example about the American Revolutionary War period, to meet the needs of different types of learners using the Six Steps of Universal Design (UDL):

• 
  Start small:Don't try to use differentiated learning for every lesson. Instead, start with one lesson. For example, you could start with a lesson in which you bring in replicas of Revolutionary War-era clothing and ask students to draw...

Here are some ways you might design 7th grade history lessons, for example about the American Revolutionary War period, to meet the needs of different types of learners using the Six Steps of Universal Design (UDL):

• 
  Start small: Don't try to use differentiated learning for every lesson. Instead, start with one lesson. For example, you could start with a lesson in which you bring in replicas of Revolutionary War-era clothing and ask students to draw or design similar costumes. Other lessons could at first be more traditional in format to give students (and the teacher) ample time to adapt to the UDL format.


• 
  Engage everybody: Use different methods of convey information, measure students' acquisition of knowledge, and help students acquire additional related knowledge. For example, students can read novels about the Revolutionary War, design costumes, sing Revolutionary War era songs, or watch movies about the war. These types of activities engage different types of learners.


• 
  Use technology, but don't rely on it: Students can watch related videos or read texts on their computers or iPads that allow them to annotate. These uses of technology relate to the lesson and help enhance students' learning.


• 
  Attend to the whole environment: Students should be presented with different ways of accessing the material and different ways to show what they know. For example, for this unit, students could be assessed on their knowledge of battle facts from the war, or they could submit portfolios with designs of Revolutionary War-era costumes, among other potential projects. Their progress can be measured in different ways.


• 
  Bring students on board: Students can be given one traditional "chalk-and-talk" lecture (in which the teacher does most of the talking) on the Revolutionary War, for example, and then have an alternative lesson, such as reading a novel that takes place in the war and writing letters from one character to another. They can then be asked which lesson they prefer to show them the benefits of UDL.


• 
  Be flexible: These types of lessons ask the teacher and students to assume new roles. For example, the teacher doesn't have to spend the whole lesson lecturing but can instead allow students to explore artifacts, such as Revolutionary War era clothing, and write about them or sketch them. In this way, students are in greater control of their own learning. 

Find a passage in the story indicating that Phoenix Jackson was probably once a slave.

Near the end of the story, Phoenix arrives in Natchez at the medical clinic. When she gets inside, she has mental spell during which she temporarily forgets why she is there and what she is doing. But she comes to her senses and talks with the nurse. The nurse has to repeatedly ask Phoenix how her grandson is. Finally, Phoenix remembers her grandson and says that her memory left her. She adds that she was...

Near the end of the story, Phoenix arrives in Natchez at the medical clinic. When she gets inside, she has mental spell during which she temporarily forgets why she is there and what she is doing. But she comes to her senses and talks with the nurse. The nurse has to repeatedly ask Phoenix how her grandson is. Finally, Phoenix remembers her grandson and says that her memory left her. She adds that she was never educated and this probably has something to do with how her memory slips from time to time. She says: 

"I never did go to school, I was too old at the Surrender," she said in a soft voice. "I'm an old woman without an education. It was my memory fail me. My little grandson, he is just the same, and I forgot it in the coming." 

This story takes place in Mississippi, a state which belonged to the Confederacy during the Civil War. Leading up to the Civil War, these southern states had succeeded (left the "United" states). One of the reasons was to preserve the institution of slavery. The "Surrender" that Phoenix speaks of describes the end of the Civil War. This is when the Confederacy (the South) surrendered to the North (the Union states). So, prior to the Surrender (when Phoenix was already too old to go to school), Phoenix would have still been a slave. 

What is the summary of "The Yellow Paper" by Charlotte Gilman?

In this story, a woman suffering from postpartum depression is "treated" by her doctor, who is also her husband. He prescribes "perfect rest" and will not allow her to read, write, work, or see anyone; in other words, she is allowed no intellectual stimulation whatsoever. As a result, she begins to obsess about the yellow wallpaper in her bedroom, the room in which she is kept for the majority of the day. At first, she...

In this story, a woman suffering from postpartum depression is "treated" by her doctor, who is also her husband. He prescribes "perfect rest" and will not allow her to read, write, work, or see anyone; in other words, she is allowed no intellectual stimulation whatsoever. As a result, she begins to obsess about the yellow wallpaper in her bedroom, the room in which she is kept for the majority of the day. At first, she believes that the wallpaper is making her sicker, but she gradually comes to believe that it is actually making her better. She studies it and studies it, as it actually gives her something to think about other than her own condition (about which she is not happy). 

Soon, she begins to feel that she sees a woman trapped in the wallpaper, just as she is essentially trapped in her room. She makes it her mission to free this woman from the wallpaper and begins to tear it off the walls in large strips.  Once she finally frees the woman in the wallpaper (in her delusional mind), she comes to believe that she herself is, actually, this woman who she has liberated. She seems to forget who she actually is, perhaps because her reality was too painful.

How important is Curley to the success of the narrative in Of Mice and Men?

In the narrative of Of Mice and Men, Curley is a pivotal character as the antagonist, especially since his wife is a genitive of him, and, therefore, a part of the conflicts generated by him.

One of the themes of the novella of Steinbeck is the importance of male camaraderie and fraternity. While the men are in the bunkhouse playing cards, for instance, or when they are throwing horseshoes outside the barn, there...

In the narrative of Of Mice and Men, Curley is a pivotal character as the antagonist, especially since his wife is a genitive of him, and, therefore, a part of the conflicts generated by him.

One of the themes of the novella of Steinbeck is the importance of male camaraderie and fraternity. While the men are in the bunkhouse playing cards, for instance, or when they are throwing horseshoes outside the barn, there is an atmosphere that is calm and cheerful. But, when Curley's wife--who has no name but is simply identified as a genitive of Curley--stands in the doorway with her rouged lips, red nails, and red shoes with "little bouquets of red ostrich feathers," this wife of the son of the boss effects discomfort, nervousness, and anxiety among the men, who must control their natural male urges. In short, Curley's wife is an Eve figure, a temptress, who disrupts the peace of her husband and the other men. Realizing this, George tells Lennie,

"...keep away from her, 'cause she's a rat-trap if I ever seen one. You let Curley take the rap."

Certainly, that his wife, the only woman on the ranch, keeps Curley stirred up makes him extremely aggressive toward the other men as he worries about them as rivals.

Thus, he becomes the spoiler of the fraternity of the men, a fraternity that strengthens the spirit and overcomes the terrible alienation of the bindle stiffs. Further in the narrative, after Lennie inadvertently kills Curley's wife, Curley becomes the ultimate antagonist, vowing to kill Lennie. The knowledge that Curley will enact violence upon Lennie, then, propels George to commit his mercy shooting of Lennie.

What's the purpose of "Captivity" by Louise Erdrich?

"Captivity" by Louise Erdrich begins with a quote from Mary Rowlandson's autobiography, in which she tells of being captured by a band of Wampanoag near Massachusetts in 1676. From there, Erdrich crafts a poem that disassembles and questions the cultural stereotypes and expectations of the Europeans and Native Americans at that time. The Native Americans were, at the time, seen as ungodly savage beings, and Erdrich recognizes their tragic history through a sort of irony....

"Captivity" by Louise Erdrich begins with a quote from Mary Rowlandson's autobiography, in which she tells of being captured by a band of Wampanoag near Massachusetts in 1676. From there, Erdrich crafts a poem that disassembles and questions the cultural stereotypes and expectations of the Europeans and Native Americans at that time. The Native Americans were, at the time, seen as ungodly savage beings, and Erdrich recognizes their tragic history through a sort of irony. The narrator of the poem, an unidentified woman in a similar situation to Ms. Rowlandson's, initially seems repulsed by the men, fearing that a connection may form between them: "There were times I feared I understood / his language, which was not human / and I knelt to pray for strength."

As the poem progresses, the narrator spends more time with the Wampanoag and forms a sort of intimate bond with her captor. She is brought home, but she is completely changed. Towards the end of the poem, the narrator begins to question her own worldview as well as the society and culture of her own people. She speaks of her husband's inability to farm properly: "Rescued, I see no truth in things / My husband drives a thick wedge / through the earth, still it shuts / to him year after year."

The purpose of "Captivity" by Louise Erdrich is to show the differences in the two cultures, English and Native American, particularly at the time, and to deconstruct the preconceived notions that one may have had of the other. It is certainly critical of the racism and dehumanizing behavior with which the European settlers treated the indigenous peoples they encountered. The narrator undergoes a spiritual and cultural transformation by the end of the poem, and the poem itself seems to show the humanity of the Wampanoag.

How is catharsis used in Oedipus Rex?

An ancient Greek audience, coming to the theater, would already be familiar with the fate of Oedipus, the king doomed to kill his father and marry and his mother.  Thus, the playwright's skill had less to do with constructing unexpected plot twists or a surprising ending, for example, and more to do with telling the story well.  One way to achieve this was through the use of dramatic irony: when the audience knows more than...

An ancient Greek audience, coming to the theater, would already be familiar with the fate of Oedipus, the king doomed to kill his father and marry and his mother.  Thus, the playwright's skill had less to do with constructing unexpected plot twists or a surprising ending, for example, and more to do with telling the story well.  One way to achieve this was through the use of dramatic irony: when the audience knows more than the character.  Since the audience knew the end already, Sophocles could use dramatic irony to increase their tension; when Oedipus, for example, curses the killer of Laius and proclaims that the murderer will be exiled from Thebes forever, the audience realizes that he's unknowingly cursing himself to such a punishment.  The playwright builds tension like this via dramatic irony throughout the entirety of the play until, finally, Oedipus comes to understand that his terrible prophecy has been fulfilled; the truth is out at last, and the audience experiences catharsis: a release of tension that the play has created with the character's ultimate comprehension of truth.  In this moment, not only is the audience purged of emotion, but they also have the opportunity to realize one of the play's main themes: man cannot outwit the gods.

in the poem Raleigh was right By William Carlos Williams what is the theme

This poem is a reference to Walter Raleigh's poem "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd" (which is a reply in turn to Marlowe's poem "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love"). In Marlowe's pastoral poem, a shepherd begs his mistress to savor the delights of nature with him. In Raleigh's response, the nymph argues that a blissful, pastoral existence is not possible in a world in which people grow old and flowers fade.

By agreeing with...

This poem is a reference to Walter Raleigh's poem "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd" (which is a reply in turn to Marlowe's poem "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love"). In Marlowe's pastoral poem, a shepherd begs his mistress to savor the delights of nature with him. In Raleigh's response, the nymph argues that a blissful, pastoral existence is not possible in a world in which people grow old and flowers fade.

By agreeing with Raleigh in the title of his poem, William Carlos Williams states his belief that nature does not offer a blissful respite from worldly cares. Instead, he writes that even violets are nested among "lance-shaped leaves," symbolizing the ways in which violence (represented by these lance-shaped leaves) lurks even among the beauties of nature.

Williams doubts that nature ever offered the beautiful respite that poets wrote about years ago, and he's sure that it doesn't now. The theme of his poem is that blissful ignorance in today's world, even among the delights of nature, is impossible. Instead, today, love is similar to "a flower with roots in parched ground," as our world lacks the means to foster love. 

Discuss the establishment of Mongol rule in China.

Mongol rule in China began by the early invasion of the Western Xia by the Genghis Khan. It took an estimated 60 years for China to completely be subjected to Mongol rule. Ogedei Khan the son to Genghis Khan and heir to the Mongol Empire ascended to the throne and continued with his father’s pursuits in China and other regions of the empire.

Ogedei fought alongside members of the Song dynasty and succeeded in destroying...

Mongol rule in China began by the early invasion of the Western Xia by the Genghis Khan. It took an estimated 60 years for China to completely be subjected to Mongol rule. Ogedei Khan the son to Genghis Khan and heir to the Mongol Empire ascended to the throne and continued with his father’s pursuits in China and other regions of the empire.

Ogedei fought alongside members of the Song dynasty and succeeded in destroying the Jin dynasty and conquered northern China. his sons also mounted attacks in southern China. The Mongols pitted the different Chinese dynasties against each other which eventually led to their collective destruction and the establishment of the Mongol Empire in China. For instance, the Song dynasty was used against the Jin dynasty.

The Song dynasty was the last dynasty left standing, but it faced several attacks by the Mongols. Finally, the Mongols under the fifth Khagan, Kublai Khan, were able to overcome the resistance by the Southern Song dynasty. He established the Yuan dynasty in China and ruled as the Emperor until his death.

Legally, what happened to Brent?

Because he was driving under the influence when he caused Lea Zamora's death, Brent is charged with DUI (Driving Under the Influence) and manslaughter.

Brent's parents hire a lawyer and a psychologist to argue against Brent being consigned to a juvenile detention center. After hearing arguments in court, the judge puts Brent on probation. According to the terms of his probation, Brent must receive alcohol counseling, participate in therapy to address his depression, volunteer in...

Because he was driving under the influence when he caused Lea Zamora's death, Brent is charged with DUI (Driving Under the Influence) and manslaughter.

Brent's parents hire a lawyer and a psychologist to argue against Brent being consigned to a juvenile detention center. After hearing arguments in court, the judge puts Brent on probation. According to the terms of his probation, Brent must receive alcohol counseling, participate in therapy to address his depression, volunteer in an emergency room, and if desired, meet with Lea's family to discuss restitution. This is what legally happens to Brent in the aftermath of the accident.

Mrs. Zamora decides to meet with Brent, but her husband refuses. During the meeting, Mrs. Zamora explains that, having lived through tumultuous times in the Philippines, she isn't interested in retribution. Instead, she tasks Brent with the responsibility of ensuring that Lea's beautiful and generous spirit lives on.

To accomplish this goal, Brent is asked to fashion four whirligigs in Lea's image and to deposit them in the four corners of the United States: in Maine, Florida, Washington, and California. Mrs. Zamora maintains that the joy people will receive from the whirligigs will help preserve Lea's selfless legacy for years to come.

What is it like to live under a monarchy?

It all depends on what kind of monarchy one lives under. If you live under an absolute monarchy, for instance, you are a subject, but one totally without rights. You only enjoy, if that's the right word, privileges granted to you by the king or queen. As the monarch is absolute he or she exercises absolute power. As such, you have no say whatsoever in the government or the future direction of your country. Laws...

It all depends on what kind of monarchy one lives under. If you live under an absolute monarchy, for instance, you are a subject, but one totally without rights. You only enjoy, if that's the right word, privileges granted to you by the king or queen. As the monarch is absolute he or she exercises absolute power. As such, you have no say whatsoever in the government or the future direction of your country. Laws are little more than royal edicts, made purely and solely in the interests of the king or queen. If you don't like these laws, then tough; you have no right to complain or protest. And if you dare to try, then you'll be punished for treason or sedition. As the monarch is absolute, such punishment can take many different forms, some of them positively blood-curdling. Torture can also be used to extract confessions from those suspected of crimes against the state. An absolute monarchy is a rule of men and women, not of laws.

A constitutional monarchy is a different ball game entirely. The monarch has a role to play but it's usually no more than formal; the king or queen is essentially a figurehead, representing a sense of historical continuity. The idea is that a notionally impartial figure at the head of state provides an element of stability amidst the turmoil of ever-changing governments.

The monarch formally approves laws, but plays no part in drafting them. In the United Kingdom, for example, laws passed by Parliament are given what's called the Royal Assent before they reach the statute book. The government is formally known as "Her Majesty's Government," but again, this is purely formal. In substance, the government is conventionally formed from the largest party in the democratically-elected House of Commons. The leader of this party must formally obtain permission from the Queen to form a government, but the request is never denied. The Queen is there to provide a measure of continuity after the cut-and-thrust of a contentious General Election campaign.

On the whole, life under a constitutional monarchy is infinitely more agreeable than that under the absolute variety. For one thing, you have a say in government. And that government operates under the rule of law, not the mere whim of a monarch and his or her advisers. Under a constitutional monarchy you're still technically a subject, rather than a citizen, but you do have formal legal rights, though they differ depending on which particular country you're talking about. In any case, you normally have the perfect right to criticise the institution of monarchy itself and can actively argue and campaign for its abolition. You can also voice the opinion that it might be more modern, more democratic, and considerably less costly to have an elected President instead of a king or queen as head of state.

What are some dystopian elements in 1984 by George Orwell?

A "dystopia" is the opposite of a utopia. Although the word itself is a modern coinage, it derives from two Greek roots, δυσ- and τόπος (meaning "bad" and "place"). Generally, a dystopian novel is one which portrays an imaginary future that is extremely undesirable, often as a cautionary tale intended to comment on the possible consequences of contemporary tendencies.

Orwell's 1984 was a novel criticizing authoritarianism, a tendency he saw shared by the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, inter alia, but which he saw also as a potential threat to all liberal democracies.

The first dystopian element is the complete lack of individual freedom of speech or thought, which Orwell finds horrifying. He sees the degradation of speech and the rewriting of history as a horrific assault on truth and mental inquiry, and a form of what we now might call "gaslighting." 

Another major dystopian element of the society is the way it allows sex for procreation by forbids romantic love. Orwell also portrays the loyalty demanded by Big Brother as undermining even friendship, while the ubiquity of the secret police makes it impossible to trust anyone. Thus a major element of the dystopian nature of the society is the way it degrades human relationships.

Was Aaron Burr a traitor or a Patriot?

Aaron Burr was devoted to American independence.  He was considered a Patriot because of his beliefs on independence.  Before and during the Revolutionary War, citizens of the Thirteen Colonies were generally considered Loyalists or Patriots.  Loyalists remained loyal to King George III, while Patriots wanted independence from England.  Patriots sometimes considered Loyalists to be traitors.  Loyalists and citizens of England often considered the Patriots to be traitors.  Aaron Burr was a Patriot, but those loyal...

Aaron Burr was devoted to American independence.  He was considered a Patriot because of his beliefs on independence.  Before and during the Revolutionary War, citizens of the Thirteen Colonies were generally considered Loyalists or Patriots.  Loyalists remained loyal to King George III, while Patriots wanted independence from England.  Patriots sometimes considered Loyalists to be traitors.  Loyalists and citizens of England often considered the Patriots to be traitors.  Aaron Burr was a Patriot, but those loyal to the King would have considered him a traitor.

The Revolutionary War began, and Aaron Burr was promoted until he became a lieutenant colonel in the Continental Army.  He served under George Washington and other prominent generals.  Due to his health, Burr retired, but still took part in intelligence missions.  He became a lawyer and later a politician.  He eventually served as Vice President of the United States under Thomas Jefferson.  Burr's beloved wife, Theodosia, was also devoted to the cause of American Independence.

What is the symbiotic relationship between orchids and trees?

A symbiotic relationship is a relationship between two organisms that can be helpful, harmful, or have no effect. A mutualistic relationship benefits both species involved in the relationship. Commensalism is a type of a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while the other species is neither harmed nor helped. A parasitic relationship helps one of the species involved in the relationship but harms the other organism. 

The symbiotic relationship that occurs between an orchid and...

A symbiotic relationship is a relationship between two organisms that can be helpful, harmful, or have no effect. A mutualistic relationship benefits both species involved in the relationship. Commensalism is a type of a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits while the other species is neither harmed nor helped. A parasitic relationship helps one of the species involved in the relationship but harms the other organism. 

The symbiotic relationship that occurs between an orchid and a tree would be classified as commensalism. Most orchids are epiphytes, which mean that that they grow on other plants. This benefits the orchids because they can grow on top of the canopy, which prevents the orchids from being walked on or eaten by ground-dwelling organisms. Being in the canopy also allows the orchids to receive more sunlight for photosynthesis. However, the orchids receive nutrients from the air and compost on the trees. Thus, they do not harm the plants on which they grow by drawing nutrients from them. 

Why is Reverend Parris praying at the beginning of Act One?

The Crucible opens in the upper bedroom of a home in Salem, Massachusetts. We find Reverend Parris knelt in fervent prayer at his daughter's bedside. Betty, who is ten years old, has come down with some mysterious illness. It seems that she cannot wake, and an assistant from the local doctor arrives to say that unfortunately no medicine can be found for her. Reverend Parris fears that his daughter has been cursed, or "witched," after...

The Crucible opens in the upper bedroom of a home in Salem, Massachusetts. We find Reverend Parris knelt in fervent prayer at his daughter's bedside. Betty, who is ten years old, has come down with some mysterious illness. It seems that she cannot wake, and an assistant from the local doctor arrives to say that unfortunately no medicine can be found for her. Reverend Parris fears that his daughter has been cursed, or "witched," after dancing in the forest. The Reverend accuses his niece Abigail of having tricked Betty into performing a rite of witchcraft in the forest, and now Betty has been overtaken by some spirit. The rumor of Betty's illness having been caused by witchcraft quickly spreads, with people beginning to gather in and outside the house to demand answers.

What is money? |

Money is a medium of exchange.

Early economies functioned on a barter system. If you had sheep and needed grain, then you would look for someone who had grain and hope they needed sheep--or, if they needed something else, hope you could find someone else who had what they wanted and needed your sheep to organize a tripartite trade.

Needless to say, this was profoundly inefficient. 

Most societies discovered the usefulness of commoditized goods to...

Money is a medium of exchange.

Early economies functioned on a barter system. If you had sheep and needed grain, then you would look for someone who had grain and hope they needed sheep--or, if they needed something else, hope you could find someone else who had what they wanted and needed your sheep to organize a tripartite trade.

Needless to say, this was profoundly inefficient. 

Most societies discovered the usefulness of commoditized goods to facilitate trades. These were goods that were all roughly interchangeable; durable; and portable; meaning that they could be assigned a fixed value and exchanged easily. So your society might decide that everyone needs arrowheads; a sheep is worth three arrowheads; and a bag of grain is worth one arrowhead; and therefore, you can sell your sheep for arrowheads when they're ready to go to market and cash in those arrowheads whenever it's time to eat. Note that the desirability of the common good need not be due to its utility; precious metals, gems, and other scarcities can serve a similar purpose.

Money is the next step from that commodity good. Money is a good created by a central authority with the intent that it be scarce, desirable, and consistently valued. In olden times, this was accomplished by the governments guarantee that money could be exchanged for a fixed amount said rare commodities. But now, most currency values are set by fiat, with no backing other than collective faith that the monies' backers won't overproduce and destroy those currencies' rarity.

In "The Rocking-Horse Winner," why do the father and the mother in the story have too little money?

In D.H. Lawrence's short story, "The Rocking Horse Winner," the problem is not really that the parents have too little money, it's that they perceive that they have too little money. It's a problem of greed. If you don't live within your means, it doesn't matter how much money you make, it won't be enough. We've all seen stories of celebrities and millionaires who file for bankruptcy. It wasn't that they didn't have enough money---they...

In D.H. Lawrence's short story, "The Rocking Horse Winner," the problem is not really that the parents have too little money, it's that they perceive that they have too little money. It's a problem of greed. If you don't live within your means, it doesn't matter how much money you make, it won't be enough. We've all seen stories of celebrities and millionaires who file for bankruptcy. It wasn't that they didn't have enough money---they had more than most people would see in a lifetime. The problem was that they spent more than they had. Consider this quote from the story: 

"They lived in a pleasant house, with a garden, and they had discreet servants, and felt themselves superior to anyone in the neighborhood. Although they lived in style, they always felt an anxiety in the house. There was never enough money. The mother had a small income, and the father had a small income, but not nearly enough for the social position they had to keep up." 

Readers see that the family lives quite comfortably in this passage. They have a nice home and even employ some servants. Both parents are bringing in an income, which seems more than enough to meet the needs of the family, but it's not enough to meet the wants of the parents. The parents want more money to continue to maintain their superiority, to send their children to elite schools, and to satisfy their expensive tastes. 

In the opening line of the story, the woman is described as having married for love, but then the love turned to dust. The woman is described as having a cold heart devoid of love for her children. The father is described as someone who always had prospects, but they never amounted to anything. Throughout the story, the house is seen repeating the phrase  "there must be more money, there must be more money."  It is as though the parents believe that money is the answer to all their problems. Money, it is thought, would heal their hearts of stone and make their lives fulfilling. 

When Paul asks his mother why they don't have a car, she answers that it's because his father has no luck. When Paul begins to predict the horse races and gives his winnings to his mother, even those ever-increasing amounts of money are not enough to make her happy. 

Can I have a detailed analysis of the poem ''This Is My Play’s Last Scene'' by John Donne in terms of language/structure/...

In the first few lines of the poem, which is a sonnet, Donne uses a series of metaphors to describe his death. He first compares it to "my play's last scene" and then to "my pilgrimage's last mile," the "last pace" of his "race," his "span's last inch," and "my minute's last point." He repeats the word "my" and emphasizes that death approaches for him. Some of the metaphors he uses are religious, such as...

In the first few lines of the poem, which is a sonnet, Donne uses a series of metaphors to describe his death. He first compares it to "my play's last scene" and then to "my pilgrimage's last mile," the "last pace" of his "race," his "span's last inch," and "my minute's last point." He repeats the word "my" and emphasizes that death approaches for him. Some of the metaphors he uses are religious, such as "pilgrimage," while others, such as a "span" (which is the distance between two points, such as the ends of a bridge), come from the physical world. He later refers to "sleeping a space," which is also a metaphor for death. The repetition of different metaphors for death emphasizes its inevitability.

He then writes, using personification, that "ever-gluttonous death" (making death into a voracious kind of animal) will "unjoint," or take apart, his body and soul. While his body will remain on earth, his soul will fly to heaven. In this part of the poem, Donne expresses his metaphysical belief that the body is separate from the soul. While his body remains earthbound, his sins will fall into the ground, where they belong, and his body will soar to heaven, free of sin. At the end of the poem, which concludes with a couplet, Donne writes, "For thus I leave the world, the flesh, the devil." The last line includes a series of images that are very powerful, as Donne writes that he will leave the world, his body, and the Devil (a symbol for sin) behind when he ascends to heaven.

What is Allah Akbar? |

"Allah u Akbar," as it is sometimes transliterated, is the declaration of faith by Muslims. It is often inaccurately translated by some sections of the media as "God is great," but it would be more accurate to say that it means "God is greater." It is a rubric often used in prayer by Muslims and as a way of giving thanks to God. For example, when a child is born, it is common to say...

"Allah u Akbar," as it is sometimes transliterated, is the declaration of faith by Muslims. It is often inaccurately translated by some sections of the media as "God is great," but it would be more accurate to say that it means "God is greater." It is a rubric often used in prayer by Muslims and as a way of giving thanks to God. For example, when a child is born, it is common to say "Allah u Akbar" as an expression of profound gratitude for the creation of a new life. The phrase also encourages believers to focus on the bigger picture, as it were, by acting as a salutary reminder that God is so much greater, so much more important than our often petty everyday concerns.

In recent years it has become all too common for Islamist terrorists to scream "Allah u Akbar!" as they are about to commit an atrocity. However, for most Muslims it is an outrageous blasphemy to invoke the name of God in committing what is a serious crime not just against people, but also against God himself.

What does the fact that Minnie Fosters and her husband, Mr. Wright, were childless reveal about their marriage?

In the story "A Jury of Her Peers," we learn from Mrs. Hale some interesting insights about Minnie Wright (formerly Foster) and her marriage dynamics. We first learn that Mrs. Hale never liked visiting her fellow farmer's wife home because her home "wasn't cheerful."

She also says that she never liked that place; it was hollow, and you "could not see the road." It was a "lonesome" place. Then, she reveals something that is up to us to speculate about:  

"Not having children makes less work," mused Mrs. Hale, after a silence, "but it makes a quiet house—and Wright out to work all day—and no company when he did come in.

At this point in the story, we have not yet obtained all the information that we need in order to make sense out of what  Mrs. Hale is trying to imply. Later on, as we continue to get clues, we realize that the Wright marriage was one-sided. John probably did not want children because he wanted Minnie all to himself as a possession. Only he and Minnie were in their isolated home, with no witnesses as to what could possibly go on inside. 

Then, as Ms. Hale continues to put the pieces together, the reader learns more about John Wright. Mrs. Hale, again provides an interesting piece of information that may help us picture their childless, lonely household. 

She says that John Wright could have been considered "a good man" in that he does what he is expected to do: pay his bills, work, and not drink. However, he is also cold. She cannot even imagine spending a whole day with him. Moreover, he is described as follows:

"Like a raw wind that gets to the bone." Her eye fell upon the cage on the table before her, and she added, almost bitterly: "I should think she would've wanted a bird!"

Here is when we make the connection that the one companion Minnie did have, her poor canary, also "happens" to be dead. We later find out that the bird is the one piece that puts everything together: John Wright, in a fit of rage, must have killed the bird that brought Minnie her sole moments of joy. As a result, the woman snaps and kills John. 

What inferences can we make?

1. John acted as if he were Minnie's "owner." He disregarded her needs for company or association. We know this because we also find out that when she was single, she enjoyed singing in the choir and dressing attractively. With John, she was isolated, frumpy, and completely lonely. 

2. A child could have brought Minnie some joy and companionship. John wanted neither of those things for his wife. 

3. A child could have also been a witness to any mistreatment; a child may have been an unwanted third party in the psychological game that John may have been playing.

4. Also, a child could have been too much of a distraction for Minnie in a household where even a canary was a problem for John Wright. He may have wanted all attention bestowed upon him. 

5. Lastly, who knows if it was Minnie's choice not to have children. 

These are all very valuable pointers that denote a household in which domestic abuse is taking place.

In what passages from the first part of To Kill a Mockingbird does Atticus show courage?

In the first part of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, chapters 1 through 11, one way in which Atticus displays courage is by bravely accepting the fact he needs to defend Tom Robinson.In Chapter 9, Atticus converses with his brother about the challenges of the Robinson case. One thing Atticus points out is that the case really has no evidence; all the case consists of is a "black man's word...

In the first part of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, chapters 1 through 11, one way in which Atticus displays courage is by bravely accepting the fact he needs to defend Tom Robinson.

In Chapter 9, Atticus converses with his brother about the challenges of the Robinson case. One thing Atticus points out is that the case really has no evidence; all the case consists of is a "black man's word against the Ewells'," which shows how hopeless he thinks the case is and how brave he must be to take it on. Atticus further says that he had "hoped to get through life without a case of this kind," but when Judge Taylor had commanded him to be the defense lawyer, Atticus knew he could never face his children if he didn't take the case. More specifically, he knew he could never face his children if he didn't give his all to defending a man he knew was innocent while also knowing he would lose the case simply based on racial prejudice. Atticus knows he and his family will be ridiculed for his having taken the case, but continues with the case because he knows it is the right thing to do. Hence, Atticus defending Robinson in the face of ridicule shows Atticus's courage.

A second time he demonstrates courage is in Chapter 10 when he shoots the rabid dog named Tim Johnson. Tim had stopped just in front of the Radleys' gate, and Sheriff Heck Tate handed his rifle to Atticus, saying, "Mr. Finch, this is a one-shot job ... For God's sake, Mr. Finch, look where he is! Miss and you'll go straight into the Radley house! I can't shoot that well and you know it!" (Ch. 10). Atticus successfully took the shot. Later, Miss Maudie explains to Scout that Atticus had always been a very talented sharpshooter but had given up shooting when he realized his talent gave him a very "unfair advantage over most living things" (Ch. 10). In other words, Atticus gave up shooting because he developed an objection to killing innocent beings. Hence, Atticus showed a great deal of courage and  bravery by setting aside his principles in order to rescue Maycomb from Tim by killing him with one shot.

What are some examples of hypocrisy in To Kill a Mockingbird?

There are many examples of hypocrisy in To Kill a Mockingbird.  Let me give you two of the most conspicuous. 

First, we see religious hypocrisy among the women in the Missionary Society. Mrs. Merriweather is the biggest hypocrite.  She acts very piously and she wears it on her sleeve for all to see.  For example, she cares about the Mrunas in Africa, but she does not care about the blacks in her community. Here is a...

There are many examples of hypocrisy in To Kill a Mockingbird.  Let me give you two of the most conspicuous. 

First, we see religious hypocrisy among the women in the Missionary Society. Mrs. Merriweather is the biggest hypocrite.  She acts very piously and she wears it on her sleeve for all to see.  For example, she cares about the Mrunas in Africa, but she does not care about the blacks in her community. Here is a quote:

Mrs. Merriweather’s large brown eyes always filled with tears when she considered the oppressed. “Living in that jungle with nobody but J. Grimes Everett,” she said. “Not a white person’ll go near ‘em but that saintly J. Grimes Everett.”

Second, we see hypocrisy in Miss Gates. She wonders how Hitler can persecute Jews. She sees his actions as evil, but she cannot see prejudice in her own town.  In fact, she believes that she and her community are far better.  Quickly she has forgotten the trial and death of Tom Robinson. 

Then Miss Gates said, “That’s the difference between America and Germany. We are a democracy and Germany is a dictatorship. Dictator-ship,” she said. “Over here we don’t believe in persecuting anybody. Persecution comes from people who are prejudiced. 

What is a detailed analysis of the poem "Sons Departing" by John Cassidy in terms of language, structure, themes, imagery, and symbols?

Structure: The poem consists of five quatrains (four-line stanzas). The four lines are each comprised of a single sentence (this technique is called enjambment) spoken in the past tense and beginning with the plural pronoun "they" to observe the young men. The form is free verse, meaning there is no regular meter or rhyme scheme.

Language: Cassidy intersperses descriptions of the natural world (see below in imagery) with that of the depersonalization...

Structure: The poem consists of five quatrains (four-line stanzas). The four lines are each comprised of a single sentence (this technique is called enjambment) spoken in the past tense and beginning with the plural pronoun "they" to observe the young men. The form is free verse, meaning there is no regular meter or rhyme scheme.

Language: Cassidy intersperses descriptions of the natural world (see below in imagery) with that of the depersonalization that results from entering the larger world.  The hedges are "clipped privets" and the young men who are first described as just clearing the top of the hedges with hair "blond with sunlight" resolve, in the final stanza, to "sunlit points" as they fade into the distance.

Themes: John Cassidy's "Sons, Departing" speaks to loss and separation and the pain parents feel as their grown children leave their daily care.  The speaker observes at least two young men taking leave, presumably, of their seaside home.  Their destination is unknown--it could be war or the larger world generally.

Imagery: The poem relies heavily on natural imagery; examples by stanza, quoted, are:

1. "hedges," "sunlight," "flowers"


2. "sea," "air," "sky," clouds"


3. "privets" (hedge)


4. "gulls," "wind"


5. "sunlit," "random patterns of the sea"

The natural imagery contrasts with the "clipped privets" and the straight line of the young men's path.

Symbols: The young men head toward a distant sea that perhaps symbolizes the profundity of the separation the observer feels as the young men depart. The observation that the young men don't look back and the last line, "their walk was one-dimensional and final," deepen the pathos of the idea that an irrevocable line has been crossed.

What is a general explanation of a magnetic field due to a straight current carrying conductor, a magnetic field due to a circular coil, a magnetic...

Hello.

Lets start with magnetic field.

Magnetic field: The space or region surrounding a magnet, in which another magnet experiences a force of attraction/repulsion is called magnetic field.

I. Now lets discuss magnetic field due to a current carrying straight conductor.

Oersted's experiment: Its a simple electric circuit, in which a straight conductor (copper wire) is placed parallel to and over a compass needle. The deflection in the needle changes when the direction...

Hello.

Lets start with magnetic field.

Magnetic field: The space or region surrounding a magnet, in which another magnet experiences a force of attraction/repulsion is called magnetic field.

I. Now lets discuss magnetic field due to a current carrying straight conductor.

Oersted's experiment: Its a simple electric circuit, in which a straight conductor (copper wire) is placed parallel to and over a compass needle. The deflection in the needle changes when the direction of current is changed.

This proves that a current carrying conductor always produces a magnetic field around it. It causes the deflection in the compass. 

The magnetic field is directly proportional to the current and inversely proportional to the distance from the wire.

Right-hand thumb rule: It is a convenient way of finding the direction of a magnetic filed in a straight current carrying conductor.

Imagine that you are holding a current carrying straight conductor in your right hand such that the thumb points towards the direction of current. Then, your fore fingers will wrap around the conductor. The direction in which they wrap around it is the direction of the magnetic field.

II. Now we move on to magnetic field due to a current carrying circular coil.

A current carrying circular coil acts as a magnet. At every point of a current carrying circular loop the magnetic field around it would become larger and larger as we move away from the wire and in the same direction within the loop.

If there are n turns in the coil, then the magnetic field produced is n times as large as that produced by a single turn. 

Maxwell's corkscrew rule: It is useful to find the direction of a magnetic field in the current carrying circular coil.

Consider you are driving a corkscrew in the direction of the current. The direction of the corkscrew is the direction of the magnetic field.

And finally magnetic field due to a current in a solenoid.

A coil of many circular turns of insulate copper wire wrapped closely in the shape of a cylinder is called a solenoid. When current is flowing through it, it behaves like a bar magnet with north and south poles. The magnetic field inside the solenoid is uniform.

Electromagnet: A strong magnetic field produced inside a solenoid can be used to magnetize a piece of soft iron when placed inside the coil. This is called an electromagnet. It's a temporary magnet.

The strength of the electromagnet depends on the current flowing through the solenoid, no. of turns in the solenoid, closeness of the turns and the length of the coil.

 

How do consumer goods contribute to the growth of hierarchy and discrimination?

Consumer goods are commodities that are produced to satisfy the needs and wants of purchasers. In the increasingly global economy in which we live, people in developed countries tend to have the greatest amount of disposable capital to buy consumer goods. That is, they have extra income, not needed for mere survival, to purchase goods that they want or perceive of as necessary. To manufacture these goods in an economical way and to keep prices down, (making these goods attractive to consumers), the production of goods has largely moved from developed countries such as those in Western Europe and the United States and Canada to countries such as China, India, and Brazil.

As the World Bank document below states, the middle class in these developing nations has increased. At the same time, the working class in the U.S., Canada, and Western Europe has lost jobs. At the same time, the elite in the United States has prospered. There is an increasingly steep class hierarchy in countries such as the U.S., where the top 10% of income earners claim over 50% of the income (see the source from Equitable Growth, below).

In addition, the production of consumer goods means that people in developing countries are often working in unsafe or polluted environments to make goods. For example, Apple factories in China have routinely been found to violate basic safety conditions, and many workers, including children, are forced to work very long hours (see the article from the Guardian below). Therefore, people in other nations are often at the bottom of the global hierarchy in terms of their ability to enjoy a safe and healthy life, while the elite in developed nations are at the top.

Finally, consumer goods can lead to discrimination, as those who can't afford these goods are often seen as lesser in some ways. For example, it has become almost routine for kids as young as pre-teens to have expensive cell phones, which they often bring to schools when permitted to do so. Those without the desire or means to purchase these goods are seen as not part of the up-to-date consumer culture, and employers may also expect applicants to possess cell phones. If prospective employees do not have these goods, they may be at a disadvantage in hiring, leading to discrimination over the possession of consumer goods. 

Contrast the theme of truth in Aeschylus's Oresteia with truth in Sophocles's Oedipus the King and Antigone.

In Sophocles's Oedipus the King and Antigone, the state is the perpetuator of abuse, and the mortals in power are punished by the gods. However, in Aeschylus's Oresteia, individuals err, and the state, in the form of a court established by the gods, brings about justice. 

In Oedipus the King, Oedipus and his queen, Jocasta, do not believe that Oedipus is guilty of killing his father and marrying his mother, though the gods decreed...

In Sophocles's Oedipus the King and Antigone, the state is the perpetuator of abuse, and the mortals in power are punished by the gods. However, in Aeschylus's Oresteia, individuals err, and the state, in the form of a court established by the gods, brings about justice. 

In Oedipus the King, Oedipus and his queen, Jocasta, do not believe that Oedipus is guilty of killing his father and marrying his mother, though the gods decreed that this would be Oedipus's fate. In the end, the gods' prophecy comes true, and the gods are the arbiters of fate for the flawed mortals who rule the state. In Antigone, the King, Creon, prohibits Antigone from burying her brother, Polynices. When Antigone does so anyway, Creon sentences Antigone to death and angers the gods in doing so. As a result, Antigone kills herself, as do Creon's son and wife. In this work, the gods are again the arbiters of what is right for the erring mortals who run the government.

However, in the Oresteia, the gods establish a court to deliver justice. Apollo and Athena help to bring Orestes to trial after he kills his mother Clytemnestra (who murdered his father, Agamemnon). In establishing the court, Athena and Apollo rescue Orestes from goddesses known as the furies, who mete out justice. Therefore, truth and justice lie in the hands of this civil institution, which has divine inspiration but is also an instrument of the state. Justice and truth become an earthly rather than a totally divine matter in the Oresteia. 

Who is responsible for Tom Robinson's fate?

That is a very interesting question, and one that does not have an easy answer. For one thing, there are quite a few people in the story who can be held in some way accountable for what happens to Tom. First of all, there is Mayella Ewell, who makes what she knows full well is a totally false accusation of rape against Tom. Then there is her repulsive father, Bob, the instigator behind the phony...

That is a very interesting question, and one that does not have an easy answer. For one thing, there are quite a few people in the story who can be held in some way accountable for what happens to Tom. First of all, there is Mayella Ewell, who makes what she knows full well is a totally false accusation of rape against Tom. Then there is her repulsive father, Bob, the instigator behind the phony accusation. He is tired of being a despised nobody in Maycomb; pointing the finger of blame at Tom allows him to act like a hero and pose as a defender of white womanhood's honor against the rapacious threat of savage black men.

Perhaps we could also look at the twelve jurors. They were so blinded by racial prejudice that they willfully ignored and overlooked the massive holes in the prosecution's case. They were only supposed to convict Tom if the prosecution established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. However, because the case against Tom was so flimsy, it is obvious that there was more than just that involved.

Finally, there are the prison guards who shot Tom seventeen times as he tried to escape. They were immediately responsible for his death in that they fired the fatal shots. They did not really see Tom as a human being. To them, he was just a dangerous Negro criminal needing to be taken out.

In truth, though, Tom's tragic fate had been decided long before his actual death. Maybe we should not look so intently at the actions of individuals. Instead, we might like to concentrate on the systemic racism and prejudice that helped to create and shape those actions. This is not intended to absolve anyone from the shameful part they played in Tom's eventual demise, but by examining the wider context of how these people made their choices, we can gain a better understanding of why people often act as they do, in ways that most of us find completely unacceptable.

Why is Nancy concerned about her father?

Nancy was concerned about her father because he seemed to be in a perpetual bad mood. During her conversation with Susan on the phone, Nancy mentioned that her father did not seem like his regular self. She complained that he always seemed to be in a bad temper whenever she was around. Nancy was becoming concerned because her father's strange, emotional behavior had been going on for three weeks.

Nancy confided in Susan that her...

Nancy was concerned about her father because he seemed to be in a perpetual bad mood. During her conversation with Susan on the phone, Nancy mentioned that her father did not seem like his regular self. She complained that he always seemed to be in a bad temper whenever she was around. Nancy was becoming concerned because her father's strange, emotional behavior had been going on for three weeks.

Nancy confided in Susan that her father was greatly displeased with her decision to continue seeing Bobby, her boyfriend. Part of Mr. Clutter's concern lay in the fact that Bobby's family was Roman Catholic, while the Clutters were strict Methodists. Although Nancy loved her father, her relationship with Bobby was driving a wedge between her and her father. 

For her part, Susan advised Nancy to reason with her father. However, Nancy did not think it would do any good to further discuss her feelings with her father. Whenever she had tried to enter into a rational discussion with her father, it had always ended poorly.

Nancy complained that her father was often unyielding and unreasonable about Bobby. Nancy was concerned about her father because his bad temper appeared to show no signs of abating; she was worried that her father's anger would negatively affect their relationship.

What is the metaphor of the poem "Blindness" by Charles Lamb?

In this poem, the speaker recalls a trip on a stagecoach. He explains how a young girl catches his attention. He wonders why she doesn't look outside and admire the scenery as a child typically would. She informs him that she is blind, and he finds this incredibly mournful. The girl's mother then explains how the girl simply lost her sight in the middle of the day.

Depending upon your interpretation, the last two lines...

In this poem, the speaker recalls a trip on a stagecoach. He explains how a young girl catches his attention. He wonders why she doesn't look outside and admire the scenery as a child typically would. She informs him that she is blind, and he finds this incredibly mournful. The girl's mother then explains how the girl simply lost her sight in the middle of the day.

Depending upon your interpretation, the last two lines could apply to the child, the mother, or both. The sun shines on the mother as she relates this tragic tale, but her eyes receive no light. This would be metaphoric, meaning that she is so sad that her eyes cannot take in light, warmth, or solace. In the other case, the meaning is literal and/ or metaphorical. The sun shines on the girl as she speaks but her eyes receive no light because she is blind and cannot see the light. Metaphorically speaking, like the mother, the young girl gets no light, comfort, or warmth from the outside world. She might get comfort from her mother's words, embraces, and so on, but she gets nothing visually.

In this poem, "light" is the key metaphor. Light typically symbolizes ideas like goodness, warmth, truth, and love. Therefore, the girl's blindness represents a lack of light. In this case, she experiences a lack of warmth and comfort that visual experience might provide.

Who mended Jem's pants. Use specific evidence from the book to support your opinion including at least 3 quotes.

Boo Radley mended Jem’s pants.  There are several reasons we know this.  First, we know that Boo Radley was aware of the children’s presence. As Boo was always peeking through the window at the children, we can assume he watched them run away.  As they run away, Jem loses his pants “Dill and I rolled through and were halfway to the shelter of the schoolyard’s solitary oak when we sensed that Jem was not with...

Boo Radley mended Jem’s pants.  There are several reasons we know this.  First, we know that Boo Radley was aware of the children’s presence. As Boo was always peeking through the window at the children, we can assume he watched them run away.  As they run away, Jem loses his pants “Dill and I rolled through and were halfway to the shelter of the schoolyard’s solitary oak when we sensed that Jem was not with us. We ran back and found him struggling in the fence, kicking his pants off to get loose. He ran to the oak tree in his shorts” (Chapter 6).  Jem later returns for his pants, and he later tells Scout, ““When I went back for my breeches—they were all in a tangle when I was gettin‘ out of ’em, I couldn’t get ‘em loose. When I went back—” Jem took a deep breath. “When I went back, they were folded across the fence… like they were expectin’ me” (Chapter 7).  Jem’s pants were torn and tangled, but when he returns for them, they are folded neatly over the fence, and they are mended.  The reader knows who mended them because Jem says, “They’d been sewed up. Not like a lady sewed ‘em, like somethin’ I’d try to do. All crooked” (Chapter 7).  No one other than Scout, Dill, and Jem knew about the pants.  Mr. Radley did not know, or the children would have been in trouble.  The only other person there was Boo Radley.  Given his interest in the children and the presents he left for them, the crooked stitches and the neatly folded pants reveal to Jem and Scout that Boo mended the pants.

What does the line "Have I no bays to crown it? No flowers, no garlands gay? All blasted?" mean in George Herbert's "The Collar"?

The poem is an expression of the anguish of a man following a spiritual and virtuous path to please the Almighty. It is accepted by every religion that the right path is the most difficult one. It is laden with thorns and difficulties. One following this eventually emerges triumphant.

It appears that the poet has been leading a virtuous life. He must have abstained himself from sensual pleasures, luxuries and materialistic joys.

The devotee speaker...

The poem is an expression of the anguish of a man following a spiritual and virtuous path to please the Almighty. It is accepted by every religion that the right path is the most difficult one. It is laden with thorns and difficulties. One following this eventually emerges triumphant.

It appears that the poet has been leading a virtuous life. He must have abstained himself from sensual pleasures, luxuries and materialistic joys.

The devotee speaker seems to have reached the edge of his endurance. He is losing patience and no more desires to undertake this journey of physical and mental pains. His patience is seemingly giving way to frustration and a sense of rebellion:

Have I no bays to crown it,

No flowers, no garlands gay? All blasted?

The 'bay' mentioned here refers to an evergreen shrub whose deep green leaves were earlier used to make crowns for those who triumphed in wars and battles.

The spiritual journey is no less than a battle between good and evil forces. To conquer the evil instincts and desires, one has to undergo great physical and mental penance.

The devotee speaker believes that in order to please God he’s been fighting the evil forces and undergoing indescribable pains. But there has been no recognition of his sacrifices. He has received no rewards or appreciation.

“Flowers” and “garlands” as crowns made of bay leaves stand for the spiritual rewards bestowed on them who follow the right path. He thinks he has been denied the rewards that he deserves.

How does the book Rising from the Plains by John McPhee convey scientific ideas and provide adequate examples?

McPhee’s purpose in this book (and the others in his series on geology) is to show the human side of the science. That is, for McPhee, geologic facts cannot be separated from the scientists that discover them; that’s why he concentrates so much on David Love and his life growing up in the Rocky Mountains (which became the subject of his work as a geologist). A good example of how McPhee integrates the human with...

McPhee’s purpose in this book (and the others in his series on geology) is to show the human side of the science. That is, for McPhee, geologic facts cannot be separated from the scientists that discover them; that’s why he concentrates so much on David Love and his life growing up in the Rocky Mountains (which became the subject of his work as a geologist). A good example of how McPhee integrates the human with the scientific is when he describes driving with Love across Wyoming, stopping at places where the highway cuts through a hillside to examine rock layers. At such times, Love is able to identify different kinds of rocks, describe the forces that formed and shaped the rock layers, and piece together a kind of geological history of Wyoming. At such moments, not only does the reader get a good bit of scientific detail, but it also becomes clear how much of our understanding of geology—or any science, for that matter—is dependent on people like Love, whose great technical expertise is founded on a deep personal connection to his subject.

A pilot wishes to fly a plane due north relative to the ground. The airspeed of the plane is 200 km/h and the wind is blowing from the west to east...

Since the wind is blowing to the east, a plane headed due north will drift off coarse toward the east.Hence, to compensate for this crosswind, the plane must head west of due north. We must use addition of velocity vectors to relate the plane relative to the ground `v_(pG)^(->)` , the plane relative to the air `v_(pA)^(->)` , and the air relative to the ground `v_(AG)^(->)` .

The three velocities are related by the velocity...

Since the wind is blowing to the east, a plane headed due north will drift off coarse toward the east.Hence, to compensate for this crosswind, the plane must head west of due north. We must use addition of velocity vectors to relate the plane relative to the ground `v_(pG)^(->)` , the plane relative to the air `v_(pA)^(->)` , and the air relative to the ground `v_(AG)^(->)` .

The three velocities are related by the velocity vector addition formula.

`eq. (1) :->` `v_(ac)^(->)=v_(ab)^(->)+v_(bc)^(->)`

We want to know the ground speed of the plane which is `v_(pG)^(->)` . Therefore let `a=p` , `c=G` , and `b=A` in `eq. (1)` .

`v_(pG)^(->)=v_(pA)^(->)+v_(AG)^(->)`

This makes the velocity addition diagram that is given below. From the diagram you can tell that the sine of the angle theta equals the ratio of two of the vectors.

`sin(theta)=v_(AG)^(->)/v_(pA)^(->)=(90 (km)/h)/(200 (km)/h)=9/20`

Therefore the plane must travel relative to the air,

`theta=sin^-1(9/20)~~27^@` west of north.

We can now use the Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude of `v_(pG)^(->)` .

`|v_(pG)^(->)|=sqrt(|v_(pA)^(->)|^2+|v_(AG)^(->)|^2)`

`v_(pG)^(->)=sqrt((200 (km)/h)^2+(90 (km)/h))^2=180 (km)/h`

In the epic poem Beowulf and John Gardner's Grendel, how are the shapers viewed differently?

In the Anglo-Saxon era, storytellers, sometimes called scops, were considered vital parts of society. The clannish Anglo-Saxons were a tight-knit, warlike people whose ancient religion did not provide for an afterlife. So warriors, in their efforts to live on in some form after death, strove to be heroic in battle in the hopes that storytellers would sing their praises to future generations. The storytellers also provided entertainment when the warriors gathered in their mead halls to drink and socialize. Early in Beowulf, the following passage appears, showing the storyteller's role in their social life:

. . . the music rang

loud in that hall, the harp's rejoicing

Call and the poet's clear songs, sung

of the ancient beginnings of us all, recalling

the Almighty making the earth.

John Gardner's Grendel, however, casts the storyteller in a much different light. Grendel himself, the first-person narrator of the story, calls the storyteller a “shaper,” because he does more than just relay information, he actually “shapes” the thoughts and perceptions of his audience. As Grendel, agonized in his isolation, listens to the shaper influence Hrothgar's men, he even finds himself entranced:

I listened, felt myself swept up. I knew very well that all he said was ridiculous, not light for their darkness but flattery, illusion, a vortex pulling them from sunlight to heat, a kind of midsummer burgeoning, waltz to the sickle.

Gardner's version of the Grendel character sees the shaper as a poetic liar, inspiring the men with stories that Grendel himself knows are false. Nevertheless, they move the men to deeds greater than they have ever before performed.

So whose perception is right, you might ask? There is truth in both. Stories bring us together, creating a collective “memory” that gives us all a shared context for living together. But many of those stories are legends, folktales that might not be literal truth. Grendel would call them lies, because he is not a part of the society that shares them.

What are reasons why a pen is wiser then a pencil?

First, one should note that this is an essay prompt intended to have you think creatively. On a literal level, neither a pen nor a pencil is wise, as both are inanimate objects. 

On the most literal level, again, whether one prefers pen or pencil is a matter of individual choice and circumstance. The main difference between the two is that pen is much harder to erase, but more durable and easier to read.

If...

First, one should note that this is an essay prompt intended to have you think creatively. On a literal level, neither a pen nor a pencil is wise, as both are inanimate objects. 

On the most literal level, again, whether one prefers pen or pencil is a matter of individual choice and circumstance. The main difference between the two is that pen is much harder to erase, but more durable and easier to read.

If you want to argue that the pen should be the emblem of wisdom, there are several key points you could make:

Antiquity: While pens dipped in ink were used for writing on papyrus in ancient Egypt, the pencil was only invented in the sixteenth century due to the discovery of graphite.

Permanence: One would desire words of wisdom to be written in a durable form, and thus the pen is more appropriate due to ink lasting longer.

Readability: Dark ink from a pen is more opaque and thus more readable than writing in pencil and less prone to accidental smudging (once it has dried).

Writing speed: Because it is difficult to erase writing from pens, you must think carefully before you write, whereas with pencil (or, even more so, computers), your ability to correct easily may encourage you to write quickly without careful thought.

Explain how water and glucose can diffuse across a plasma membrane?

Diffusion is a type of passive transport. The cell doesn't have to invest energy to allow the molecules to pass through the plasma membrane.

The plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bi-layer. Its hydrophilic and polar "heads" point towards the extracellular environment on the outside of the cell, and towards the cytoplasm on the inside of the cell. Its nonpolar hydrophobic tails are aligned on the inner surface of the membrane. There are...

Diffusion is a type of passive transport. The cell doesn't have to invest energy to allow the molecules to pass through the plasma membrane.

The plasma membrane is composed of a phospholipid bi-layer. Its hydrophilic and polar "heads" point towards the extracellular environment on the outside of the cell, and towards the cytoplasm on the inside of the cell. Its nonpolar hydrophobic tails are aligned on the inner surface of the membrane. There are proteins embedded in the cell membrane that can serve as transport proteins.

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable which means only certain substances may pass through the cell membrane. These vital substances must be able to enter and leave a cell in order for it to stay alive.

Osmosis is the passage of water across the plasma membrane by diffusion. There must be a region of higher concentration of water on one side of the membrane relative to the other. Aquaporins are channel proteins that help increase the amount of water molecules that can diffuse across the membrane. That is because they have a hydrophilic channel that molecules like water can use as a tunnel through the membrane. Hydrophilic molecules like water do not cross the membrane easily on their own.

Cells need glucose to carry out cellular respiration. If there is a higher concentration of glucose outside the membrane relative to inside the cell, glucose will enter the cell when carrier proteins shuttle the molecules across. Glucose is too large of a molecule to enter a cell unassisted. This is known as facilitated diffusion and does not rely on an additional input of energy from the cell. The difference in concentration from high to low is a concentration gradient that provides the energy for this process to occur. 

The link I provided has details about facilitated diffusion-see number 2 with an excellent diagram, and osmosis-see number 3 in the article.

Why did the United states enter WWI?

The most common explanation for the US entry into WWI emphasizes that the US entered the war because of Germany’s policy of unlimited submarine warfare.  The US disapproved of Germany’s submarine warfare because it seemed cruel and because it was contrary to international laws that were supposed to guarantee freedom of the seas.  The US had been outraged, for example, when a German submarine sank the passenger liner Lusitania with over 1,000 civilians (among who...

The most common explanation for the US entry into WWI emphasizes that the US entered the war because of Germany’s policy of unlimited submarine warfare.  The US disapproved of Germany’s submarine warfare because it seemed cruel and because it was contrary to international laws that were supposed to guarantee freedom of the seas.  The US had been outraged, for example, when a German submarine sank the passenger liner Lusitania with over 1,000 civilians (among who were more than 100 Americans) onboard.  The Germans stopped engaging in this sort of tactic for a while in response to American criticism.

When Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917, US public opinion turned more strongly against the Germans.  This hostility was exacerbated by the revelation of the Zimmermann Telegram, in which the Germans tried to get Mexico to enter the war on the German side in exchange for which the Germans would defeat the US and give Mexico back the land the US had taken from it in the Mexican-American war.  This outraged Americans who felt that it was wrong for Germany to try to incite the US’s neighbor to go to war and who felt that it was wrong for Germany to promise to take away US territory.

Historians, then, tend to say that the US entered WWI because of its opposition to unrestricted submarine warfare and because of the Zimmermann Telegram.

Why do Muslims go to the mosque?

Muslim people visit a mosque or masjid for the same reason a Christian person visits a church, a Jewish person visits a synagogue, a Buddhist visits a temple, or a Neo-pagan spends time outdoors—it's a house of worship! Most Muslim people visit their local masjid—the mosque in Mecca is considered to be the only true mosque—once a week on the holy day of Friday. Some people go more often, even multiple times a day, for...

Muslim people visit a mosque or masjid for the same reason a Christian person visits a church, a Jewish person visits a synagogue, a Buddhist visits a temple, or a Neo-pagan spends time outdoors—it's a house of worship! Most Muslim people visit their local masjid—the mosque in Mecca is considered to be the only true mosque—once a week on the holy day of Friday. Some people go more often, even multiple times a day, for prayer. One of the five Pillars of Islam is to pray five times per day in accordance with the passing of the sun, though people who are ill or menstruating are excused from this. Most people pray at home or work by themselves for their daily prayers and might visit the masjid to participate in the midday prayer on Friday. In the masjid, prayers are lead by an Imam or scholar of Islam.

The masjid also doubles as a community center, where people may gather for a social occasion, further their personal study of Islam, or where children may spend time after school.

In the Seamus Heaney poem "Digging," how does the poet feel about his father's work?

First of all, you should develop the habit of referring to the voice in the poem as the speaker, not the poet himself (or herself). Poems are often autobiographical or semi-autobiographical, but not always.

The speaker in this poem has great admiration and pride for the physical labor his father does. The poem's diction and imagery emphasize the efficiency and prowess the father demonstrates when he is planting potatoes.

The speaker also has great admiration...

First of all, you should develop the habit of referring to the voice in the poem as the speaker, not the poet himself (or herself). Poems are often autobiographical or semi-autobiographical, but not always.

The speaker in this poem has great admiration and pride for the physical labor his father does. The poem's diction and imagery emphasize the efficiency and prowess the father demonstrates when he is planting potatoes.

The speaker also has great admiration for the work his grandfather, his father's father, did in cutting turf. In Ireland and elsewhere, peat turf was cut to burn as fuel to warm homes. He boasts that his grandfather cut more turf than any other man digging in a particular peat bog. He recalls a specific memory of his grandfather barely taking a break when the speaker brought him a bottle of milk.

Both the speaker's father and grandfather are favroably described as machines—efficient and tireless.

The speaker is careful to characterize his decision to be a writer instead of a laborer as a different, not better, choice.

What is an analysis of The Sixth Extinction?

Elizabeth Kolbert's 2014 book argues the next mass extinction of plants and animals that the world will experience will be the result of humanity's heedless behavior. To use her words, Kolbert asserts, "the cataclysm is us."

Kolbert lays out her argument in thirteen chapters informed by research from botanists, marine biologists, geologists, wildlife biologists, and climatologists. Human activities including the damming of rivers, deforestation, habitat destruction, burning fossil fuels, ocean acidification from rising carbon dioxide levels,...

Elizabeth Kolbert's 2014 book argues the next mass extinction of plants and animals that the world will experience will be the result of humanity's heedless behavior. To use her words, Kolbert asserts, "the cataclysm is us."

Kolbert lays out her argument in thirteen chapters informed by research from botanists, marine biologists, geologists, wildlife biologists, and climatologists. Human activities including the damming of rivers, deforestation, habitat destruction, burning fossil fuels, ocean acidification from rising carbon dioxide levels, and moving strains of viruses and bacteria around the world through global travel and trade all wreak havoc on the planet's ecosystems and will lead, she avers, to extinctions of between 20% and 50% of flora and fauna species before the end of the twenty-first century.

The book contains carefully synthesized research written in language accessible to non-scientists, and Kolbert ends the book with a call to action. She expresses her informed belief that the measures we are taking to shift the paradigm must be maintained and expanded to avoid the mass extinctions that will otherwise become inevitable.

How do poetic devices and figurative language affect the reader's understanding of Gothic themes in The Raven?

It is well known that Edgar Allen Poe was very fond of the Gothic genre. What is not so often acknowledged is the fact that Poe often made the Gothic the object of his parody: for example, "The Fall of the House of Usher," one of his most famous short stories, deploys many elements typical of the canonical Gothic tale, such as a decaying mansion secluded in a forlorn and ominous landscape, a violent thunderstorm that bursts precisely at the climax of the story (which is the appearance of the lady Madeline enshrouded and covered by blood), the old romance that Roderick is reading, which evokes the events taking place in the House of Usher itself, etc. And yet, Poe  combines such elements in such an exaggerated manner that they reveal their artificiality and conventionality.  With his parody, Poe aims to criticize the poor artistic quality of much of the literature being written in the United States at the time, which were oftentimes Gothic tales without any literary value. Many of his newspaper and magazine articles bear witness to that.

In this context, the Gothic elements in "The Raven" can be seen as double-edged, and the ultimate purpose of the author remains rather unclear, in the sense that while the poem is an elegy, that is, a lamentation for a deceased person, it is also a mystery story in which the bird acquires spectral and even demonic connotation. Poe took pains in describing how he wrote his famous poem in the essay "The Philosophy of Composition" and in that text he never uses the term "Gothic," despite the fact that some of the materials he uses for the poem belong clearly in that genre. The setting of "The Raven", which is both lyric and narrative, recreates a sitting room during a dark December night, when the narrator finds himself sitting be the fire and reading an old volume which contains ancient (and therefore arcane) lore, or knowledge, while he tries to overcome the torturing pain caused by his remembrance of the dead Leonore, the angelical maiden who was the object of the narrator's adoration. In the opening lines, we are told that in the fireplace "each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor," a clear anticipation of ghostly nature of the black bird who appears in the midst of the night. In fact, the poem abounds with terms like "ominous," "devil," "terror," "fiend," "demon," etc., which reinforce the effect of horror and fear which Poe seeks to impress upon his readers. By means of repetitions (as in the refrain "Nevermore" which is repeated over and over by the raven), alliterations and internal rhymes ("Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary"), personification (a raven that is able to speak), juxtaposition of angelical and demonic imagery (the angels who name Leonore and the demon-like bird) are among the devices and strategies that Poe deploys in the construction of his unique poem.

What a thesis statement of the book The Time Machine?

A strong thesis must state an opinion. In other words, it must be arguable. A thesis statement, for example, shouldn't only say that the novel is about traveling 800,000 years in the future, because that is a "fact" revealed in the book.

Beyond stating an opinion, the thesis should be specific. For example, you wouldn't want to simply say that the novel was about class struggle. You would want to state what about class struggle...

A strong thesis must state an opinion. In other words, it must be arguable. A thesis statement, for example, shouldn't only say that the novel is about traveling 800,000 years in the future, because that is a "fact" revealed in the book.

Beyond stating an opinion, the thesis should be specific. For example, you wouldn't want to simply say that the novel was about class struggle. You would want to state what about class struggle Wells was exploring or critiquing. For instance, a strong thesis might argue that Wells was not worried about small differences between classes but arguing that too wide a gulf between the upper and lower class has a negative effect on both classes and on society as a whole. You might, on the other hand, want to argue that Wells was critiquing Victorian faith in progress by showing a future society that was decaying, not improving. Whatever thesis you pick, be sure you have sufficient evidence, usually in the form of quotations from the novel, to back up your argument.

How does literary criticism in Margaret Atwood's "Happy Endings" parallel the social rebellion present in story?

The Atwood "story" does several things at once. 

1. It is a guide of sorts, a kind of lesson to aspiring writers about how plot works, and about how stories end. Her point, given at the end of the piece, is that plot is simply a "what and a what and a what," a series of empty events with interchangeable details and characters. The only true ending, as she says, is that "John and Mary die."


2. The examples she uses, the story of John and Mary in all its permutations, lays out in a purposely schematic way the sexual politics of John and Mary's relationship. Mary either allows herself to be used by John because she hopes he will marry her (story B) or because she feels sorry for him (C), but in each case Mary is frustrated because John cannot meet her needs. Neither John nor Mary is very clear on what their real needs might be, and it is ironic and tragic that neither John's ability to act nor Mary's more limited ability to get what she wants leads to any fulfillment. In fact, B and C both end in suicide or murder. Atwood's point is that no matter how you switch around events, the outcome (the lack of emotional connection, or of essential freedom to be ones' self) remains the same.


3. If we understand this story to be about "social rebellion," then the thing it is revolting against is (I suppose) the petty concern for "plot" and "happy endings" that fiction writers and everyday people are so obsessed with. The details of plot make no difference: it doesn't matter in the end whether John is young or old, or if real estate values go up or down.

Atwood's final line points a way out of this dilemma: in trying "how" and "why," she is calling for action to make real change (the "how") and analysis to understand our current situation (the "why"). She suggests that the true purpose of fiction may be to effect change in these ways.

What events cause Tom to go out on the ledge in "Contents of the Dead Man's Pocket?"

There are really two sets of events in “Contents of the Dead Man’s Pocket” that explain why Tom Benecke went out on the ledge. One set of events happens in the time the story is being told. The other set of events has already happened by the time that the story begins.

The events that happen just before Tom goes out on the ledge have to do with the fact that he feels bad about...

There are really two sets of events in “Contents of the Dead Man’s Pocket” that explain why Tom Benecke went out on the ledge. One set of events happens in the time the story is being told. The other set of events has already happened by the time that the story begins.

The events that happen just before Tom goes out on the ledge have to do with the fact that he feels bad about staying home and working instead of going to the movies with his wife. First, he feels hot, which he attributes to his guilty conscience. This causes him to go over and make the effort to open the window. Next, Clare leaves. Tom, conflicted, watches her walk down the hallway for a while instead of closing the door immediately. As he holds the door open, air rushes because of the open window. He now has to push to get the door closed. As this happens, he hears the paper that holds his notes rustling as it is blown off the desk and out the window. He considers what to do for a while, and then goes out the window onto the ledge to get the paper. These are the events that led directly to Tom going out on the ledge.

We can also say that the events that truly sent Tom out on to the ledge happened before the story began. These events have to do with his ambition to rise in his company. Tom decided he wanted to make a name for himself and get himself noticed by the higher-ups in the firm. Therefore, he spent hours doing research on “his idea for a new grocery-store display method.” He wrote up all his findings in shorthand on this one yellow piece of paper. This is why Tom goes out on the ledge. He goes out because his ambition has caused him to spend countless hours on research that will help his career. When the notes from his research go out the window on to the ledge, so does he.

why is the setting so importent in The Scarlet Ibis.

The background setting of World War I is essential to the short story "The Scarlet Ibis" because it connects to the theme. The author, James Hurst, wanted readers of his short story to consider how the war fought among "brothers" in Europe paralleled the conflict between Doodle and his brother. Hurst felt that there is always harm done when people try to force others to transform into images of themselves, whether within a family or among...

The background setting of World War I is essential to the short story "The Scarlet Ibis" because it connects to the theme. The author, James Hurst, wanted readers of his short story to consider how the war fought among "brothers" in Europe paralleled the conflict between Doodle and his brother. Hurst felt that there is always harm done when people try to force others to transform into images of themselves, whether within a family or among countries.

It is only after many months of working with Doodle, teaching him to swim and row a boat, that the brother finally realizes that the small boy will never compete with others as an equal. In bitter disappointment, the brother hurries ahead of Doodle after the rowing lesson despite Doodle's cries not to leave him. Finally, because of his exhaustion, the brother stops and waits for Doodle. When Doodle does not appear, the brother retraces his steps and, unfortunately, finds Doodle sitting with his face buried in his arms that rest on his bent legs. Like the scarlet ibis that dropped from the tree, Doodle is dead. He has bled from his mouth, and the front of his shirt is scarlet with his blood. In his shame, the brother then shelters his "fallen scarlet ibis from the heresy of the rain." Tragically, it is only then that the brother recognizes the rare and beautiful qualities of Doodle, finally understanding that his efforts to remake his brother have been not only wrong but devastating.

His misplaced shame in Doodle, rather than an appreciation for the magical ibis-rarity of the boy, is what leads the brother to the destruction of the delicate creature. Likewise, in war the beautiful artifacts and structures of a country are also lost. The country's identity is attacked and people lose much of what they love as their culture is challenged.

What is the characterization of Tessie Hutchinson?

In Shirley Jackson's "The Lottery," Tessie Hutchinson is first characterized as a harried housewife who has simply forgotten that it is lottery day until she notices her husband and children are gone. It is possible that her forgetfulness is either intentional or a subconscious effort to avoid the lottery. She hurries to the gathering, greets her neighbors, and makes a lighthearted joke about her tardiness. She urges her husband to quickly take his slip of...

In Shirley Jackson's "The Lottery," Tessie Hutchinson is first characterized as a harried housewife who has simply forgotten that it is lottery day until she notices her husband and children are gone. It is possible that her forgetfulness is either intentional or a subconscious effort to avoid the lottery. She hurries to the gathering, greets her neighbors, and makes a lighthearted joke about her tardiness. She urges her husband to quickly take his slip of paper, cracking another joke that amuses those standing near. Her levity quickly comes to an end, however, once she sees that the lottery will claim one of her family members. She adopts a protesting, defensive tone. Getting no support from her husband or any of the crowd, she becomes quieter, yet insistent that the proceedings aren't being conducted fairly. Her defiance intensifies, and her husband has to pry her paper from her hand. Tessie Hutchinson does not accept her fate uncomplainingly, which makes her death by stoning all the more unsettling at the story's conclusion.

What are some symbols in "The Birds" by Daphne Du Maurier?

In "The Birds," Du Maurier employs a number of symbols. Here are a few to consider:

• 
  The gun symbolises how man underestimates the power of nature. Mr Trigg thinks that shooting the birds will be fun, for example, and will solve the problem of the birds' attacks. But, as Nat predicted, guns are powerless against them. In fact, the birds continue their attacks unabated and they kill Mr Trigg. When Nat finds Mr Trigg's body, Du Maurier draws our attention to the gun lying by his side.


• 
  The silent radio represents man's helplessness in the face of nature. Early in the story, for example, the radio acts as a source of information and comfort to Nat and his family, by stating that they are not the only victims and by instructing them what to do. But once the programmes stop, it becomes clear that Nat's society is completely unable to cope with the birds' attacks. Nat and his family are, therefore, alone in their struggle to survive. The closing image of the story, in which Nat listens to the silent radio, is a poignant reminder of this.

What is ironic about the time of the murder?

In the last lines of his story, Montresor tells his audience that for "half of a century no mortal has disturbed" Fortunato's bones behind the brick wall at the back of the burial vaults belonging to his family.  Thus, we learn that it has been about fifty years since Montresor committed the murder. 

Irony is created when there is a discrepancy between expectations and reality.  There is dramatic irony when the audience knows more than...

In the last lines of his story, Montresor tells his audience that for "half of a century no mortal has disturbed" Fortunato's bones behind the brick wall at the back of the burial vaults belonging to his family.  Thus, we learn that it has been about fifty years since Montresor committed the murder. 

Irony is created when there is a discrepancy between expectations and reality.  There is dramatic irony when the audience knows more than the character; verbal irony is when someone's meaning is the opposite of what they say (verbal irony often employs sarcasm); situational irony is when the irony is derived from unexpected events (for example, when the firehouse burns down or the police officer gets mugged). 

The chief irony surrounding Fortunato's death is that he was murdered in the midst of "carnival season." Carnivals, broadly speaking, are celebrations of life. Typically, during carnivals, people gather to party and enjoy themselves. The fact that Fortunato was murdered during the carnival season, then, subverts the very meaning of holding a carnival.  

Suppose a firm finds that the marginal product of capital is 60 and the marginal product of labor is 20. If the price of capital is $6 and the...

Based on Economics (Tregarthen and Rittenberg), if we spend $1 more on capital, we must spend $1 less on labor.

Since the marginal product of capital is 60, and the price of capital is $6, the marginal benefit of $1 spent on capital is Marginal Product of Capital/ Price of Capital= 60/6= 10.

So, the firm will gain 10 units of output by spending an additional $1 on capital.

Then, we are told that the...

Based on Economics (Tregarthen and Rittenberg), if we spend $1 more on capital, we must spend $1 less on labor.

Since the marginal product of capital is 60, and the price of capital is $6, the marginal benefit of $1 spent on capital is Marginal Product of Capital/ Price of Capital= 60/6= 10.

So, the firm will gain 10 units of output by spending an additional $1 on capital.

Then, we are told that the marginal product of labor is 20 and the price of labor is $2.50. The marginal disadvantage of $1 less spent on labor would be Marginal Product of Labor/ Price of Labor= 20/2.50= 8.

The firm would lose 8 units of output from spending $1 less on labor.

To compare, MPC/P > MPL/P

 60/6 > 20/2.50

So, the company achieves a net gain of 2 units of output if it transfers $1 from labor to capital. It will continue to transfer funds as long as it gains more output from the additional capital than it loses in output by reducing labor. Essentially, the company will increase in output and be capital-intensive for a period of time.

What are Stephen Kumalo's movements from the beginning of Cry, the Beloved Country to the end? What are the various areas of Johannesburg?

It looks like you need to trace Stephen Kumalo's movements in the novel. I'll provide brief notes about this. Please refer to the novel for further textual evidence regarding Stephen's movements.

1) After receiving a letter from Theophilus Msimangu (a priest), Stephen makes his way to Johannesburg to find his brother, John; his sister, Gertrude; and his son, Absalom. In Johannesburg, he stays with Mrs. Lithebe, a member of Msimangu's church.

2) In Johannesburg, Stephen...

It looks like you need to trace Stephen Kumalo's movements in the novel. I'll provide brief notes about this. Please refer to the novel for further textual evidence regarding Stephen's movements.

1) After receiving a letter from Theophilus Msimangu (a priest), Stephen makes his way to Johannesburg to find his brother, John; his sister, Gertrude; and his son, Absalom. In Johannesburg, he stays with Mrs. Lithebe, a member of Msimangu's church.

2) In Johannesburg, Stephen makes his way to Claremont. There, he stops at Number 11 Hyacinth Street; this is where Gertrude and her son live. Here, Stephen convinces Gertrude to return with him to Ndotsheni. 

3) Still in Johannesburg, Stephen makes his way to John's shop. Here, John provides Stephen with the last known address for Absalom: Doornfontein Textiles Company at 14 Krause St. 

4) Stephen makes his way to the Doornfontein address, but Absalom is not there. The owners of the factory provide Stephen with another address for a Mrs. Ndlela, whom Absalom was supposedly staying with.

5) Stephen makes his way to 105 End Street in Sophiatown, but Mrs. Ndlela tells him that Absalom is now staying with Mrs. Mkize at 79 Twenty-third Avenue in Alexandra.

6) Mrs. Mkize tells Stephen that she does not know where Absalom is. However, she confesses that Absalom knows the taxi driver Hlabeni. When Stephen questions Hlabeni, the latter tells him that Absalom is now in Shanty Town, Orlando.

7) Stephen makes his way to Shanty Town in Orlando. There, a nurse tells him and Msimangu that Absalom used to stay with the Hlatshwayos in one of the houses there. At the Hlatshwayos, the lady of the house tells Stephen that Absalom was sent away to a reformatory.

8) Stephen makes his way to the reformatory, and the school official tells Stephen that Absalom is now living with his pregnant girlfriend in Pimville. However, Stephen does not find Absalom there.

9) Stephen pauses his search for Absalom. He visits the House for the Blind at Ezenzeleni with Msimangu.

10) Stephen is told that Absalom is in prison for killing Arthur Jarvis. So, Stephen makes his way to the prison in Johannesburg and reunites with Absalom.

11) Stephen goes to Pimville to meet with Absalom's pregnant girlfriend. There, he convinces her to marry Absalom and to move in with the Kumalo family.

12) In Chapter 25, Stephen meets James Jarvis (Arthur Jarvis's father) in Springs.

The story ends with Stephen returning to Ndotsheni after he discovers that Absalom will definitely be hanged for Arthur Jarvis's murder.