What are some key terms from 1984?

Let us take each question in turn:

1). Comrade Ogilvy is a character invented by Winston Smith as part of his job at the Ministry of Truth. He has been created to replace Comrade Withers, a real person who was once a comrade of Big Brother. He was declared an enemy of the Party and vaporized. Now he is an "unperson" and must be written out of history as if he never existed.

2). The Junior Anti-Sex League is a youth organization within the Party. Its members are extremely loyal, fanatical, and totally dedicated to the cause of IngSoc (English Socialism). As their name implies, they are also committed to the eventual eradication of all sexual relations by the regime. In the future, it is hoped that all procreation will take place entirely by means of artificial insemination.

Julia is a member of the League, which is one of the reasons that Winston is initially distrustful of her, believing her to be a Party zealot.

3). The Golden Country is a place that Winston visits in his dreams. It is a beautiful place, where everything is carefree and the sun is always shining. He often dreams of Julia being there. The Golden Country is important to Winston for two reasons. First, it provides him with a means of escape from the grim, sordid reality of life in Oceania; second, it holds out the hope of a better world, one from which the Party has been expunged. To some extent, it also represents an idealized past, civilization as it was before the Party took over.

4). Thoughtcrime. Oceania is such a repressive society that not just wrong actions but even wrong thoughts are considered treacherous. Thoughtcrime is monitored by the Thought Police, the secret police force used by the state to root out seditious thinking. Each individual is carefully monitored by way of telescreens, which minutely scrutinize body language to find anything vaguely suspicious.

5). The Four Ministries will be described as follows: the Ministry of Truth is where Winston works. This is the propaganda arm of the state which peddles the Party line; the Ministry of Love brutally seeks to promote and enforce the unconditional love of Big Brother through brainwashing and other nefarious means; the Ministry of Peace, which despite its title, is actually concerned with the conduct of perpetual war against either Eastasia or Eurasia; and finally, the Ministry of Plenty, which is concerned with the organization of Oceania's planned economy. Like all the other ministries' names, the Ministry of Plenty is a complete misnomer, as the country's economy suffers from acute shortages, leading to widespread hardship and grinding poverty.

6). Doublethink is an officially prescribed mode of thought whereby people are required to hold mutually contradictory opinions at the same time. Examples include "Peace is war," "freedom is slavery," and "ignorance is strength." The purpose of doublethink is to maintain the Party's control over public opinion. The Party is always right; thus, there can be no true contradictions in its ideology. It also needs to change its line at a moment's notice. Hence, believing two contradictory opinions at once is absolutely necessary.

7). A Memory Hole is a chute in the Ministry of Truth used to send old photos, texts, and newspaper clippings down into a large furnace. This is a simple method for rewriting history and keeping up with the perpetually changing Party propaganda line.

8). Facecrime. This is an example of Newspeak (see point 10) and is related to point 4. Using telescreens, the Thought Police can closely monitor facial expressions and other forms of body language to determine if someone is guilty of treacherous thoughts.

9). Parsons is a fanatically loyal Party member. As such, he is despised by Winston, despite his outward friendliness. He and his family are almost model citizens, so it comes as something of a shock when Parsons's daughter turns him in to the Thought Police. Apparently, he said "down with Big Brother!" in his sleep. Even Party zealots can unconsciously resist Big Brother, it would seem.

10). Newspeak is a kind of official jargon and is the only approved language in Oceania. The language perfectly reflects the official ideology, as it is often meaningless, contradictory and highly simplistic. Newspeak is particularly fond of syllabic abbreviations, such as "IngSoc" (English Socialism), and compound words such as "Doublethink," (see above)  and "Goodsex," which is the only prescribed form of sexual intercourse. "Goodsex" refers to sexual activity between a man and a woman for the purposes of procreation.

The whole purpose of Newspeak is to keep its level of expressiveness and meaning as restricted as possible in order to ensure that the Party may manipulate and control it more effectively for its own ends.

11). The Chestnut Tree Cafe is a place where people go after they have been tortured by the Ministry of Love for crimes against the Party. Despite having all the trappings of a normal cafe, it is a grim, depressing place, perfect for un-persons. It is like purgatory in that it is not the final resting place but the penultimate one. In this case, it is the penultimate place where each individual goes before being totally destroyed. Winston and Julia end up there after they have been tortured. However, there is no longer any love between them. In fact, there is nothing there at all.

12). O'Brien is a high-ranking government official, an elite member of the Inner Party. He poses as a member of The Brotherhood, an undergound resistance movement, in order to trap Winston and Julia. He later presides over Winston's brutal torture sessions.

13). Emmanuel Goldstein is the alleged head of The Brotherhood, a subversive, counterrevolutionary group dedicated to overthrowing the Party. We are never actually sure that he exists; it is entirely possible he is just an invention of the Party used to try and smoke out potential subversives. Winston is certainly convinced of his existence, and his conviction is strengthened when he and Julia go to visit O' Brien in his flat. O'Brien says he will give Winston some books written by Goldstein that set out in great detail how to overthrow the Party and what kind of system can be put in its place.

14). Syme, though a minor character, is very important due to the insight he provides into life in Oceania and how the system works. He is a colleague of Winston, someone who works in the Records Department. His role involves the compilation of the 11th edition of a Newspeak Dictionary. Although fiercely loyal to the regime, Syme is correctly predicted by Winston to be vaporized. He is simply way too intelligent and vocal to thrive under the existing regime.

15). Winston's Diary is incredibly important to him because it is the only place where he can truly be free. In a brutal, totalitarian society in which thoughts, deeds, and actions are constantly controlled and monitored, the diary provides Winston with a much-needed sanctuary where he can step back from the madness, lies, and sheer sense of hopelessness surrounding him and cling, however tenuously, to a sense of who he really is. The diary is the only thing that Winston possesses which can give him any sense of identity in a society in which the faintest trace of individuality is ruthlessly crushed.